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THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: REMAINS OF BALL-STREET BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Flood at Sheffield: remains of Ball-Street Bridge - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. View of '...the ruins of the iron foot-bridge in Ball-street...The inquest...has resulted in a verdict declaring, of course, that the deceased came to their deaths by drowning in the inundation caused by the bursting of the Bradfield Reservoir...and the jury further declare their opinion "that there has not been that engineering skill and that attention to the construction of the works which their magnitude and importance demanded; that the Legislature ought to take such action as will result in a Governmental inspection of all works of this character, and that such inspection ought to be frequent, regular, and sufficient." They add, "we cannot separate without expressing our deep regret at the fearful loss of life which has occurred from the disruption of the Bradfield Reservoir".' From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Flood at Sheffield: remains of Ball-Street Bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: REMAINS OF A WIRE-MILL NEAR MALIN BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Flood at Sheffield: remains of a wire-mill near Malin Bridge, 1864. 'The inquest...has resulted in a verdict declaring, of course, that the deceased came to their deaths by drowning in the inundation caused by the bursting of the Bradfield Reservoir...and the jury further declare their opinion "that there has not been that engineering skill and that attention to the construction of the works which their magnitude and importance demanded; that the Legislature ought to take such action as will result in a Governmental inspection of all works of this character, and that such inspection ought to be frequent, regular, and sufficient." They add, "we cannot separate without expressing our deep regret at the fearful loss of life which has occurred from the disruption of the Bradfield Reservoir".' From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Flood at Sheffield: remains of a wire-mill near Malin Bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: PLAN OF THE LOXLEY VALLEY, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Flood at Sheffield: plan of the Loxley Valley, 1864. Map showing the area affected by a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Flood at Sheffield: plan of the Loxley Valley, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: VIEW OF THE BRADFIELD RESERVOIR, SHOWING THE BROKEN DAM..., 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

The Flood at Sheffield: view of the Bradfield Reservoir, showing the broken dam - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Flood at Sheffield: view of the Bradfield Reservoir, showing the broken dam..., 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD:...BROADHEAD WHEEL MILL...WORKMEN SEARCHING FOR TOOLS, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: remains of Broadhead Wheel Mill, on the Loxley, near Matlock: workmen searching for tools, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield:...Broadhead Wheel Mill...workmen searching for tools, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: THE VILLAGE OF MALIN BRIDGE AFTER THE FLOOD, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: the village of Malin Bridge after the flood, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. Engraving of '...a most dreary and desolate view of Malin Bridge - that is, of the almost vacant site where the substantial bridge and the populous, thriving village were to be seen fifteen days ago. The whole of this space, from the foreground of the picture to the ruined houses by the stream, was covered so lately with buildings, which have been shorn off the face of the earth as though a scythe had swept across the level, and only a scattering of stones, with a few mounds of rubbish, stray pieces of timber, and broken iron furniture is left to show where the workshops and the dwellings lately stood...The water rose to the height of sixteen or eighteen feet against those houses which still appear erect in our view of Malin Bridge, and in one of them, it is said, the occupant reached out through his bedroom window, and pulled in a man who was floating by. It was at Malin Bridge and at Hillsborough, and along the road between those places, that there were most houses destroyed'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: the village of Malin Bridge after the flood, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: DROWNED CATTLE AT HIGH BANK, ON THE RIVER DON, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: drowned cattle at High Bank, on the River Don, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. '...a number of cattle...lay at High Bank, having been carried down by the flood to that part of the river - their carcasses hugely swollen, and plastered with mud and clay, an ugly spectacle, and such as may seldom be found in the suburbs of a great commercial town. When daylight broke, on the Saturday morning, large trees and dead cows and horses were lying mixed with several human bodies in the very streets of Sheffield'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: drowned cattle at High Bank, on the River Don, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: THE VILLAGE OF HILLSBOROUGH AFTER THE FLOOD, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: the village of Hillsborough after the flood, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. Engraving showing '...what now remains of Hillsborough. One arch of the principal bridge, and almost the whole structure of another bridge, seem to have been swept away. The view is taken from the west side, approaching Hillsborough from Malin Bridge, which is higher up the stream. The space shown in the foreground is now a mere waste of sand bestrewn with large stones'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the Flood at Sheffield: the village of Hillsborough after the flood, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE FLOOD AT SHEFFIELD: SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD IN THE CELLAR OF A RUINED HOUSE AT NEEPSEND, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Flood at Sheffield: searching for the dead in the cellar of a ruined house at Neepsend - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. Aftermath of a burst reservoir, caused by inadequate building materials. Over a hundred people were killed. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Flood at Sheffield: searching for the dead in the cellar of a ruined house at Neepsend, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE BRADFIELD RESERVOIR, NEAR SHEFFIELD: THE GAP IN THE DALE DYKE EMBANKMENT..., 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Bradfield Reservoir, near Sheffield: the gap in the Dale Dyke embankment - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. Scene of '...a terrible disaster...involving the sudden destruction of several hundred human lives...[due to] the bursting of the Sheffield Water Company's reservoir at Bradfield...We see what a gap was made [at] the Dale Dyke Embankment, clean cut away from the hill on each side...we may try to conceive the sudden outpouring by this channel of a hundred millions of cubic feet of water - that is, two million tons weight of water all discharged at once into the valleys below! This is the quantity, as near as it can be estimated, the reservoir, when quite full, containing 113,000,000 cubic feet...This cataract rushed down into the Loxley Valley, and...spread out over the lowlands and nether valleys...overturning everything in its way - factories, workshops, and cottages where people lay quietly in their beds. Laden with fragments of the ruined houses, pieces of furniture, and dead human bodies, the flood poured into the River Don...more than a hundred dead bodies which had been picked up when the flood subsided, or dug cut of the mud or the ruins, were exposed to the public view at the Sheffield workhouse'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Bradfield Reservoir, near Sheffield: the gap in the Dale Dyke embankment..., 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE VILLAGE OF BRADFIELD, NEAR SHEFFIELD, SCENE OF THE LATE FLOODS...BY OUR SPECIAL ARTIST, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The village of Bradfield, near Sheffield, scene of the late floods - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. Scene of '...a terrible disaster...involving the sudden destruction of several hundred human lives...[caused by] the bursting of the Sheffield Water Company's reservoir at Bradfield...It seems, unhappily, that...the thickness of the embankment was only 40 ft [when it] ought to have had a thickness of 54 ft...we may try to conceive the sudden outpouring by this channel of a hundred millions of cubic feet of water - that is, two million tons weight of water all discharged at once into the valleys below! This is the quantity, as near as it can be estimated, the reservoir, when quite full, containing 113,000,000 cubic feet... there must have been a pressure of nearly two tons and a half upon each square foot at the base of the embankment...This cataract rushed down into the Loxley Valley...overturning everything in its way - factories, workshops, and cottages where people lay quietly in their beds. Laden with fragments of the ruined houses, pieces of furniture, and dead human bodies, the flood poured into the River Don, which rose and submerged a great part of Neepsend, a suburb of Sheffield, where many persons were drowned'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The village of Bradfield, near Sheffield, scene of the late floods...by our special artist, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: BURIAL OF SIXTY AUSTRIAN AND DANISH SOLDIERS AT FLENSBURG..., 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The War in Schleswig: burial of sixty Austrian and Danish soldiers at Flensburg - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. 'The burial of Austrian and Danish soldiers who died of the wounds received at the battle of Oversee was a very impressive ceremony. The coffins had been placed in a large grave, the name and regiment being roughly chalked at the head of each coffin. Many of the dead had wreaths placed on their heads, and most of them had some evergreens at their feet; two of them...had white ribbons. There were sixty altogether, one coffin above another...The ceremony was commenced by the German priest...speaking of the services which the Austrian fallen had rendered to their Emperor and country. The Jaegers on the right then saluted, the band playing the Austrian Hymn. The Danish priest then went through the same ceremony, the band playing and the soldiers saluting...The soldiers then threw some earth over their comrades and gave one last look...The effect of the scene was very picturesque - the dull black of the coffins looking more so by the contrast of the snow. The small building in the background is the chapel of the cemetery; the lion...was erected in commemoration of those who fell at the battle of Idstedt in the last war.' From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: burial of sixty Austrian and Danish soldiers at Flensburg..., 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

FLOODS AT MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA: PUNT ROAD, RICHMOND, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Floods at Melbourne, Australia: Punt Road, Richmond, 1864. Engraving of a photograph by Messrs. Davies. 'On Dec. 13 heavy squalls of wind, accompanied by rain, swept across the city, and continued to increase in intensity during the three following days. The wind being from the S.W. and S.S.W., a high tide arose. This, coupled with the heavy rain, had the effect of making the river Yarra rise to a greater height than it had ever done before...the scene was heart-rending. At the river end of the Punt road hundreds of dwellings were submerged and many were swept away. In all these houses the furniture and other valuables were either totally destroyed or greatly injured, whilst in some instances the inmates had great difficulty in escaping with their lives... A kerosene-store was injured, and hundreds of cases of oil carried seawards. Large quantities of salt and sugar have been destroyed, as well as flour and other perishable articles...It is known that three men have lost their lives through the flood; but it is anticipated that other fatal accidents, unreported, have occurred. The sufferings resulting from this disaster - many having lost their all - are widespread and acute'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Floods at Melbourne, Australia: Punt Road, Richmond, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

FLOODS AT MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA: ST. KILDA ROAD, SOUTH SIDE OF PRINCE'S BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Floods at Melbourne, Australia: St. Kilda Road, south side of Prince's Bridge, 1864. Engraving of a photograph by Messrs. Davies. 'On Dec. 13 heavy squalls of wind, accompanied by rain, swept across the city, and continued to increase in intensity during the three following days. The wind being from the S.W. and S.S.W., a high tide arose. This, coupled with the heavy rain, had the effect of making the river Yarra rise to a greater height than it had ever done before...All communication with the suburbs was completely cut off during two days... Across the St. Kilda road, on the south side of Prince's Bridge, the stream rushed with such force as to tear away a large portion of the road and the fences on each side, as well as the telegraph and lamp posts...Numerous wooden tenements were carried bodily down the river, and, coming in contact with either of the bridges, were dashed to pieces. Gardens and orchards were stripped of their fruit-trees and vines, and large quantities of hay and other crops were carried away.... As the flood has not yet entirely subsided, it is impossible to form an idea of the probable loss through this visitation, but it is roughly estimated that it will take a quarter of a million sterling to repair the damage'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Floods at Melbourne, Australia: St. Kilda Road, south side of Prince's Bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

FLOODS AT MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA: EMERALD HILL, FROM THE SUBURBAN RAILWAY, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Floods at Melbourne, Australia: Emerald Hill, from the suburban railway, 1864. Engraving of a photograph by Messrs. Davies. 'On Dec. 13 heavy squalls of wind, accompanied by rain, swept across the city, and continued to increase in intensity during the three following days. The wind being from the S.W. and S.S.W., a high tide arose. This, coupled with the heavy rain, had the effect of making the river Yarra rise to a greater height than it had ever done before...All communication with the suburbs was completely cut off during two days. Emerald Hill was an island, the road which connects it with Melbourne being submerged to the depth of many feet...Steps have already been taken to collect subscriptions for the relief of the distressed, and the following notice has been issued by the Government: "To Poor Persons driven out of their Homes by the present Floods. Accommodation for a few days will be afforded to such families and persons on their applying at the Immigrants' Dépôt, King-street...Should the demand be in excess of the spare room, tents and bedding, under proper care, will be loaned, and other assistance granted to the necessitous. A certificate from a clergyman or a magistrate of the locality must be produced at the dépôt".' From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Floods at Melbourne, Australia: Emerald Hill, from the suburban railway, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: PRUSSIAN AMMUNITION-TRAIN ENTERING FLENSBURG - BY OUR SPECIAL ARTIST, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The War in Schleswig: Prussian ammunition-train entering Flensburg - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. '...the Prussians...have brought up heavy siege-guns and trains of ammunition, which day after day encumber the one street of Flensburg, or stand, waiting for the means of transport, in its squares and marketplaces. As there is no railway beyond Flensburg, while the Schleswig Railway, as far that terminus, is in full operation from the south, it may be imagined that the result is a great accumulation or congestion of military stores, both Austrian and Prussian, so that the little town is quite choked up. In our Artist's Sketch we see an ammunition-waggon, with escort, just entering the gates'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: Prussian ammunition-train entering Flensburg - by our special artist, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG BY OUR SPECIAL ARTIST: THE DANNEWERK, REDOUBT NO. 11, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the War in Schleswig by our special artist: the Dannewerk, Redoubt No. 11, 1864. View of '...Redoubt No. 11, with some guns dismounted...The Danes were obliged...to abandon [this famous earthwork] and retire northward, on the evening of Feb. 5...the fate of the Dannewerk was to be ingloriously lost...The Austrian and Prussian commanders have taken counsel together for the final demolition of this huge double line of fortified earthworks, which extends from near the town of Schleswig, on the eastern side of the duchy, to the river Treen, some miles above its confluence with the Eider, on the western coast...when the western districts of South Schleswig are flooded the only road from that country to Middle Schleswig is that passing under the batteries of the Dannewerk. Denmark, by her own strength, has not been able to hold fast this door against the German invaders...The Dannewerk batteries are being disarmed, and seventy or eighty pieces of heavy artillery divided between the Austrians and Prussians...a hundred of the Austrian Sappers, with the assistance of four hundred labourers, commenced the demolition of the ramparts on Monday last (Feb. 22)'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the War in Schleswig by our special artist: the Dannewerk, Redoubt No. 11, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG BY OUR SPECIAL ARTIST: BATTERY ON THE...DANNEWERK, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Illustrations of the War in Schleswig by our special artist: battery on the summit of the Dannewerk, 1864. View of '...the summit with a battery of guns, and a view of the surrounding country...The Danes were obliged...to abandon it and retire northward, on the evening of Feb. 5...the fate of the Dannewerk was to be ingloriously lost...The Austrian and Prussian commanders have taken counsel together for the final demolition of this huge double line of fortified earthworks, which extends from near the town of Schleswig, on the eastern side of the duchy, to the river Treen, some miles above its confluence with the Eider, on the western coast...when the western districts of South Schleswig are flooded the only road from that country to Middle Schleswig is that passing under the batteries of the Dannewerk. Denmark, by her own strength, has not been able to hold fast this door against the German invaders...The Dannewerk batteries are being disarmed, and seventy or eighty pieces of heavy artillery divided between the Austrians and Prussians...a hundred of the Austrian Sappers, with the assistance of four hundred labourers, commenced the demolition of the ramparts on Monday last (Feb. 22)'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Illustrations of the War in Schleswig by our special artist: battery on the...Dannewerk, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

WINTER, DRAWN BY A. HUNT, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Winter, drawn by A. Hunt, 1864. 'The sun is sinking-in the wintry sky, And all the landscape lies enwrapp'd in snow; The day is dying, and to see it die Come youth and age, who watch the fading glow. Age looks forth wistfully, and longs to go Thus gently, silently, to peaceful rest: Youth, full of hope, unconscious of life's woe, Gazes in gladness on the glowing west. Old age is weary - he has played his part - Life's wintry day is drawing to its close; But spring is shining in the child's young heart, Like dewdrops gleaming on the budding rose. The night is coming; but the morn is near, When light, and life, and hope shall reappear'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Winter, drawn by A. Hunt, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

WATERSPOUT SEEN OFF WORTHING ON SUNDAY, AUGUST 21, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Waterspout seen off Worthing on Sunday, August 21, 1864. Engraving from a sketch by the Rev. F. Piggott. 'The morning was very dull and thundery, attended with a few showers, and the lightning severe. The clouds were seen to be moving in all directions...[they] were seen to revolve in a circle, about half a mile in diameter, and gradually approach the centre, which descended, diminishing in size, till, when about 50 ft. from the surface of the sea, it increased, and united with a dense vapour arising from the water in the shape of a cone. The sea for a circle of 300 ft. was in a most disturbed state, the immense waves rolling to a centre and throwing up masses of foam. At 9.15 the waterspout broke, and an exceedingly heavy hailstorm attended its dissolution, some of the stones being about three quarters of an inch in diameter. The waterspout was distant from Worthing about two miles. The disturbed water travelled to the eastward at a rapid rate (nearly forty miles an hour)'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Waterspout seen off Worthing on Sunday, August 21, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

REVIEW IN THE CHAMP DE MARS AT PARIS IN HONOUR OF THE KING CONSORT OF SPAIN, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Review in the Champ de Mars at Paris in honour of the King Consort of Spain, 1864. '...the grand military spectacle...was beheld by an immense crowd of spectators...Unfortunately, rain...came down heavily...The troops on the ground consisted of fifty-one battalions of the National Guard, twenty-one of the Imperial Guard, thirty-seven of the line, thirty-six squadrons of cavalry, eighteen batteries of artillery, with 108 guns, the pupils of the School of St. Cyr, a party of the waggon train, and pontooners of the Guard - forming together an effective force of about 70,000 men. The National Guards and the infantry of the garrison of Paris were drawn up in lines on the left of the ground...and the cavalry on the opposite side. The artillery were at the end nearest the Pont d'lena...the Emperor and the King of Spain, both dressed as Generals in the respective services of the two countries, and the Prince Imperial in uniform...entered the ground... followed by...the Spanish Generals Leymery and Joaquin Fitor...The Prince Imperial, mounted on his pony, passed along the lines a short distance in advance of the Imperial cortege. Their Majesties and the Prince were greeted with loud cheering along the whole line'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Review in the Champ de Mars at Paris in honour of the King Consort of Spain, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

DESCENDING MONT CENIS IN WINTER, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Descending Mont Cenis in Winter, 1864. Travelling over the Alps by sleigh. '...tremendous faces of rock rise perpendicularly...there is a fearful precipice, from going over which we are only protected by a row of stone posts with single rails between them...[At] the summit of Mont Cenis...a single animal [is] placed in the shafts of the sleigh; away it dashes full gallop down the steep road...every one looks about, and endeavours to make out something of his whereabouts through the driving snow...The road winds round the side of the mountain, making at times frightfully sharp turns; and here we can often see those ahead of us rushing along apparently under our feet, while those who are in the rear are tearing along high up overhead. Sometimes we look down into immense valleys and see the villages, only distinguishable in the plain of snow by the little church-towers and the larger buildings which show through it. And we may see here how easily a slip of the snow (which is an avalanche) from the side the huge mountain may destroy in a few seconds a whole village...The last turn of this division of the road is at last reached, the sleighs dash across the wooden bridge, and are in the high street of Lans-le-Bourg'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Descending Mont Cenis in Winter, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SAILING-BARGE RACE ON THE THAMES, 1864. CREATOR: EDWIN WEEDON.

Sailing-barge race on the Thames, 1864. 'A novel kind of sailing-match...was that which took place on the Thames, on Friday week under the auspices of the Prince of Wales Yacht Club, and which attracted a vast number of spectators, including some of the oldest yachtsmen. The match was for first-class topsail barges, not exceeding 100 tons, and second-class stumped-rigged barges, not exceeding 80 tons burden, to sail from Erith to the Chapman Light and back...There were nineteen entries in the first and twenty-three in the second class, or forty-two in all; and of these forty came to the starting-post; and at the time appointed a most animated scene took place. The members of the Prince of Wales Yacht Club, under command of its Commodore, Mr. Harrison, were accommodated with their friends and those of Mr. Dodd on board the Oread steam-boat, whilst the Petrel, Sea Swallow, and the Jackall also accompanied the match. The race was a very exciting one, and the tact and judgment of the men in managing their craft were the object of general admiration...It is hoped, by these races, to create a spirit of emulation and self-improvement amongst that useful class of men who are employed in our river navigation'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Sailing-barge race on the Thames, 1864. Creator: Edwin Weedon. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

A NOVEMBER DAY IN NANT-FRANCON, BY J. C. REED, IN THE EXHIBITION OF THE INSTITUTE OF..., 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

A November Day in Nant-Francon, by J. C. Reed, in the exhibition of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, 1864. Engraving of a painting. 'North Wales is the most favourite resort of the English painter as well as tourist...There are few views so magnificent as those afforded in this vale. Indeed, with the exception of Llanberis Pass, the finest gorge in the whole country is that formed by the enormous block of mountain of which Carneddau, Davydd, and Llewelyn, are the centres, seen on the spectator's right hand in the picture, and the still more savage and precipitous chain on the left intervening between Llyn Ogwen and Llanberis, and which at one point seems as if about to close over the pass and block it up. The name of Nant-Francon - "the Glen of Beavers" - recalls the ancient time when the stream of the Ogwen was a haunt of these strange creatures...The terrors of the scene depicted in Mr. Reed's fine drawing are aggravated by the snows and rains of early winter, which are already whitening the slopes of the mountains, hanging murkily in the sky, swelling the streams into angry, foaming cataracts, and imparting to the whole scene a deeper and more sombre aspect of desolateness'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. A November Day in Nant-Francon, by J. C. Reed, in the exhibition of the Institute of..., 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

LAYING THE FOUNDATION-STONE OF THE LOW-LIGHTS DOCK AT TYNEMOUTH, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Laying the Foundation-Stone of the Low-Lights Dock at Tynemouth, 1864. Rain-soaked celebrations marking the start of work at the mouth of the River Tyne. The High and Low Lights of North Shields were leading lights - a pair of light beacons used in navigation to indicate a safe passage for vessels entering a shallow or dangerous channel. They were sometimes known as the Fish Quay High and Low Lights. The lights installed in the 1860s remained in use until 1999. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Laying the Foundation-Stone of the Low-Lights Dock at Tynemouth, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

CAROL-SINGING IN YORKSHIRE - DRAWN BY JOHN GILBERT, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Carol-singing in Yorkshire - drawn by John Gilbert, 1864. 'In every corner of our island this "sort of holy song," though set to secular music, is still sung...a company of rustic children is here with the song of joy, some of them bearing evergreens...as emblems of their mission. Their loud notes, echoing through the snowy stillness of the landscape, have called to the window the well-to-do master of the house, who, "with spectacles on nose," eyes the young throng with the kindly approbation of age, which is well contrasted with the childish wonder of the little fellow peering out of the side window. The leader of the choir bears the "Christmas-tree"...his two vicegerents, with hollied sticks, are proportionally earnest. The little fellow in somebody else's jacket is evidently a learner. The girls are equally attentive. The variety of the expression of the several singers is admirable. The dog seems about to bark in chorus...The little choir have evidently trudged through the snow on their mission, which the lively satisfaction of the folk at the window promises to recompense'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Carol-singing in Yorkshire - drawn by John Gilbert, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN AMERICA: FORT LAFAYETTE, THE FEDERAL BASTILLE FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS, 1862. CREATOR: SMYTH.

The War in America: Fort Lafayette, the Federal Bastille for political prisoners, 1862. 'The traveller to America who enters the beautiful harbour of New York...will observe, on the right hand in passing the channel known as "The Narrows," a solitary fort on an island at some distance from the shore...Our Engraving is taken from the water, near Staten Island...For the last fifteen months Fort Lafayette (like its sister forts in the harbours of Boston and Baltimore) [had] been filled with political prisoners...On the 27th of November, little more than three weeks after the triumphs of the Democrats in New York, it took the opportunity of "Thanksgiving," which is annually celebrated throughout the North on that day...to order the liberation of all political prisoners in Forts Lafayette, Warren, MacHenry, and Delaware. On that morning the gloomy gates wore opened and the prisoners were set free without stipulation or condition. Fort Lafayette at present contains only its customary garrison for the defence of the channel, and it is to be hoped will never again be employed for any less legitimate purpose...The fort is not of great value as a means of defence, having been almost superseded in utility by Fort Hamilton...'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The War in America: Fort Lafayette, the Federal Bastille for political prisoners, 1862. Creator: Smyth. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE LATE FLOOD OF THE ARNO AT FLORENCE – FROM A SKETCH BY E. W. COOKE, R.A., 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

The late flood of the Arno at Florence - from a sketch by E. W. Cooke, R.A., 1864. View of '...the flood which visited that city from the sudden rise of the river Arno, caused by a storm of rain...[Mr. Cooke writes:] The pent-up waters of the Mugnone and Amo, with their numerous tributary torrents from the vast amphitheatre of mountains surrounding Florence, suddenly burst into the valley, and rushed with irresistible force through the several bridges, rising in about six hours to the height of 17 ft...The scene...presented the extraordinary appearance of a turbulent sea, not of water, but of mud, mingled with the debris of forests, vineyards, and gardens...On Sunday evening the Lung'Arno was covered; the torrent flowing over the parapet of the massive wall inclosing the river. Thousands of people could not reach their homes...The sketch (taken from my window, on the Lung'Arno, looking south) represents the beautiful work of Ammanati (built in 1569), the Ponte della Trinità, with the Church of Santo Spirito and the Hill of Bellosguardo in the distance...the damage was confined to the houses and streets which are contiguous to the Arno; but in the flat portion of the surrounding country a large amount of property was destroyed or injured'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The late flood of the Arno at Florence – from a sketch by E. W. Cooke, R.A., 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

WRECK OF THE ABERDEEN STEAMER STANLEY AT TYNEMOUTH, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Wreck of the Aberdeen steamer Stanley at Tynemouth, 1864. Engraving from a sketch by Mr. R. Watson. '...while attempting to run into the Tyne for shelter, [the iron screw steam-ship Stanley] struck upon the rocks called the Black Middens...From the cries that reached the shore from the stranded ship it was discovered that there were women and children aboard, and that the steamer had a deckload of cattle, sheep, and pigs...the crew could be seen through the darkness throwing these animals overboard...the schooner seemed to slide off the ledge of rocks...The cries of her doomed crew were heard for a few moments, and then they and their vessel disappeared from sight. More than once a horrible crash was heard...and it was thought that she was breaking up; but it was not until after midnight that the Stanley parted amidships, breaking into two separate pieces. The prow and fore part of the vessel was afterwards turned round by the force of the sea, while the stern part lay in its fixed position...Twenty-one passengers, half of them being women, and five of the seamen, with the stewardess, were lost from the Stanley...The rocks...were strewn...with dead bullocks, casks, bales, and other miscellaneous articles washed out of the broken vessel'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Wreck of the Aberdeen steamer Stanley at Tynemouth, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SCENE OF THE FIRE AT DOCKHEAD, BERMONDSEY, SKETCHED ON SATURDAY MORNING, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Scene of the fire at Dockhead, Bermondsey, [London], sketched on Saturday morning, 1864. 'a great fire broke out in the waterside premises of Messrs. Barry Brothers, wharfingers and saltpetre merchants...The warehouses...contained many thousand tons of saltpetre, and, as a strong wind was blowing...the piles and blocks of saltpetre caught fire one after another, sending forth immense volumes of brightly-coloured flame and scattering smoke, ashes, and sparks...Adjoining this capacious warehouse stood another...termed the H Extension Warehouse. This building was filled with several thousand bales of jute, and in less than a quarter of an hour it also was wrapped in flames...It was impossible...to prevent the fire from spreading...The steam fire-engine of Messrs. Roberts...was supported by two steam floating-engines...upon the floors becoming ignited in which the saltpetre was stored, loud and fearful explosions took place in rapid succession, which blew down heavy brick walls and lifted the tiles and roofs...The flames lighted up all the shipping in the Thames...the water itself shone like an immense stream of liquid gold...The damage, which was confined mainly to the warehouses just mentioned and their contents, is estimated at about £80,000'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Scene of the fire at Dockhead, Bermondsey, sketched on Saturday morning, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

MOUNT EGMONT, IN THE PROVINCE OF NEW PLYMOUTH (TARANAKI), NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Mount Egmont, in the province of New Plymouth (Taranaki), North Island, New Zealand, 1862. 'The snow-crested Apollo of mountains, Mount Egmont, or Taranaki...shoots up from a sea of forest 8000ft. into a brilliant sky. Although not the highest, it is certainly the most strikingly remarkable, mountain in New Zealand, and may be seen from a...distance of more than 100 miles. It rises in a perfect cone from a base thirty miles in diameter, and presents nearly the same appearance viewed from every point. Its summit, which is an extinct crater, is flattened; and it is covered with perpetual snow for nearly a quarter of its entire elevation...There are scarcely any outlying settlements in this province, the inhabitants being mostly concentrated in the village capital, and in a belt of farms, hamlets, and clearings lying around it within a circle of ten or a dozen miles. The district of Taranaki has been termed the garden of New Zealand; and, whether regard be had to the serenity of its climate or to the fertility of its soil, it is surpassed by no other locality in either island. This province has been of late, it is well known, the seat of war in New Zealand; and in our Engraving the Omata Stockade is shown, perched on the top of a hill'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Mount Egmont, in the province of New Plymouth (Taranaki), North Island, New Zealand, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EFFECTS OF THE CYCLONE AT CALCUTTA, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta, 1864. Engraving from a photograph taken on the spot by Mr. Wagentreiber '...of the terrible havoc caused by the cyclone or revolving hurricane of Oct. 5 among the crowded shipping in the River Hooghly, at the port of Calcutta...The particulars of the disaster were so fully related in our former account that it is needless to repeat the description...It may be added that, from a report to the Meteorological Society of Calcutta, it appears that the pressure of the wind at one moment during this storm amounted to as much as thirty-two pounds on the square inch. Some notion of its comparative force may be obtained, if this estimate be correct, from the records of the most violent gales experienced of late years in our own country [ie England], as the maximum pressure then attained was forty-three pounds to the square foot'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EFFECTS OF THE CYCLONE AT CALCUTTA, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta, 1864. Engraving from a photograph taken on the spot by Mr. Wagentreiber '...of the terrible havoc caused by the cyclone or revolving hurricane of Oct. 5 among the crowded shipping in the River Hooghly, at the port of Calcutta...The particulars of the disaster were so fully related in our former account that it is needless to repeat the description...It may be added that, from a report to the Meteorological Society of Calcutta, it appears that the pressure of the wind at one moment during this storm amounted to as much as thirty-two pounds on the square inch. Some notion of its comparative force may be obtained, if this estimate be correct, from the records of the most violent gales experienced of late years in our own country [ie England], as the maximum pressure then attained was forty-three pounds to the square foot'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EFFECTS OF THE CYCLONE AT CALCUTTA ON THE 5TH OF OCTOBER - FROM A PHOTOGRAPH, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta on the 5th of October, 1864. Engraving from a photograph by Mr. F. Fisk Williams '...of the devastation on the banks of the River Hooghly...With a noise like distant thunder it came on in two or three minutes, tearing up trees by their roots, carrying off the roofs of the houses, overturning walls and buildings, and heaping up masses of ruin...scarcely a house escaped without injury, while the native huts, especially in the suburbs, were almost all blown down...Of more than 200 ships it is said that only ten were left at their moorings after the storm, the rest having been stranded or sunk. Of these many were loaded with grain for Bombay...Great was the excitement of those on shore who were doomed to witness the agonies of drowning men without the means of rendering them any assistance. The distance was too great to throw a rope...There is reason to fear that several hundred lives were lost with the other European vessels that went down on the river, besides those drowned in the multitude of small native boats...The loss of life in the town and suburbs of Calcutta has been ascertained to be forty-one natives and two Europeans, besides some twenty seriously wounded by the fall of their houses'. "Illustrated London News", 1864. Effects of the cyclone at Calcutta on the 5th of October - from a photograph, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE GREAT BRITAIN AMONG ICEBERGS NEAR CAPE HORN, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Great Britain among icebergs near Cape Horn, 1864. 'The screw-steamer Great Britain, which arrived at Liverpool...having made the passage from Melbourne in the short period of sixty-one days, passed through an extraordinary drift of icebergs on the 12th of September and two or three following days...We have been favoured by Mr. G. T. Home, one of the passengers, with a sketch of one of the groups of icebergs...Ninety-five icebergs were seen on the first day, but the total number counted was 212. Sometimes the vessel passed a group of ten or twelve thickly crowded together. A very heavy sea was running, and the wind blew almost a gale, with snow-squalls every few minutes, and clouds as black as night. A small printed paper, entitled "The Great Britain Chronicle," which was edited by Mr. Hatton, another passenger, during the voyage, reports the occurrence of this phenomenon a fortnight after sailing from Hobson's Bay. "It is a wonderful sight," observes the journalist, "just like Dover cliffs floating along. We are surrounded by a complete sea of ice. Passed eighty-three icebergs altogether to-day. Captain Gray is very anxious; he and three mates and four men on the look-out; I think him a first- rate seaman".' From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Great Britain among icebergs near Cape Horn, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SCENES IN JAPAN: THE MOUNTAIN FUSIYAMA, VIEWED FROM NEAR YOKOHAMA, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Scenes in Japan: the mountain Fusiyama, viewed from near Yokohama, 1864. Engraving from a photograph '...by Signor Beato...of the famous volcanic mountain Fusiyama, as seen from the summit of a bluff near the British quarters at Yokohama. This mountain, 11,000 ft. or 12,000 ft. high, and always crowned with snow, resembles the Peak of Teneriffe in its shape and position. It is the subject of many wonderful legends believed among the Japanese people, who regard it with superstitious veneration'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Scenes in Japan: the mountain Fusiyama, viewed from near Yokohama, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE AT MARKHAM CLINTON, NOTTS., 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The funeral of the Duke of Newcastle at Markham Clinton, Notts., 1864. 'The inscription [on the coffin] was as follows: "Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, Duke of Newcastle, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Nottingham, Lord Warden of the Stannaries of Devon and Cornwall, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and one of her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. Born May 22,1811. Died Oct. 18, 1864."...Then came the pall-bearers, eight in number, selected from the tenantry, whose families have been for centuries connected with the estate...The rest of the procession was composed of the servants of the late Duke and a vast number of tenantry and labourers. From Clumber to Markham Clinton is about eight miles, and the road was lined with the country people, who were not deterred by the rainy weather from attending to pay the last tribute of respect to one whose memory will long live in their hearts as a good landlord, and an affable, amiable nobleman. The procession reached Markham Clinton at three o'clock. The funeral service was then performed, and the body was lowered into the vault'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The funeral of the Duke of Newcastle at Markham Clinton, Notts., 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EDINBURGH: THE TOLBOOTH, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Edinburgh: the Tolbooth, 1864. Canongate Tolbooth, built in 1591, is a historic landmark of the Old Town. It was the centre of administration and justice of the then separate burgh of the Canongate which was outside the Edinburgh town walls. It ceased to be a municipal building in 1856 and became The People's Story Museum. It is protected as a category A listed building. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Edinburgh: the Tolbooth, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: THE 9TH REGIMENT OF HUSSARS...BIVOUACKING ON THE BATTLEFIELD..., 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The War in Schleswig: the 9th regiment of hussars (Prince Liechtenstein's) bivouacking on the battlefield of Over-Selk after the fight - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864.'Far as the eye could reach we saw...the smoke of camp fires. Since Monday 15,000 Austrians and as many more Prussians have had to bivouac in the open air. The country between Breckendorf and Over-Selk was of the bleakest and most inhospitable description...Hedges there were none, as the Danes had cut down what few there existed previously to their retreat...The snow lay an inch and a half deep on the ground when we arrived, and the temperature was not a degree above zero. As we afterwards learnt from the officers and men themselves, the privations they had undergone from Tuesday to Thursday were fearful in the extreme. By Tuesday night there was not a crumb of broad or a glass of drink in any of the few villages in the neighbourhood for miles round. On Wednesday and Thursday the majority of the troops had nothing beyond a slice of black bread to eat and cold water to drink...The army had brought not a single tent with it, and in this wintry weather the men had had to pass three nights in the open air while it was constantly snowing, raining, or freezing'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: the 9th regiment of hussars...bivouacking on the battlefield..., 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SUMMER, BY T. W. KEYL, IN THE EXHIBITION OF THE BRITISH INSTITUTION, 1864. CREATOR: PEARSON.

Summer, by T. [sic] W. Keyl, in the exhibition of the British Institution, 1864. Engraving of a painting. 'It is not merely that the picture has a careful and precise truth to nature which, though accompanied by a little hardness, is one of the best characteristics of a comparatively young or rising painter; but it has a feeling for general character in the animals and effect in the landscape which are of still happier augury. The scene of the picture is some elevated down of a pastoral district, which conceals a part of the middle distance, but allows the eye to wander over a long reach of flat remoter scenery. The rough foreground is dotted over with clumps of furze, long grasses, thyme, and other wild shrubs or flowers which perfume the bracing and health-giving air of our noble undulating downs. The sky is dappled with light, fleecy, sun-illumined cirrus and cirro-cumulus clouds, giving that endless variety to what may be called the "skyscape," and moderating the heat of the fair English summer season. One of the sheep, it will be observed, is a large black wether, and, like its companions, is - as any one might say who had something of the gourmet as well as the artist in his character - in splendid condition'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Summer, by T. W. Keyl, in the exhibition of the British Institution, 1864. Creator: Pearson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: AUSTRIAN CAMP IN FRONT OF THE DANNEWERK:...BOHEMIAN CHASSEURS..., 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

The War in Schleswig: Austrian camp in front of the Dannewerk: the 18th Bohemian Chasseurs in a snowstorm - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. 'The country between Breckendorf and Over-Selk was of the bleakest and most inhospitable description...Hedges there were none, as the Danes had cut down what few there existed previously to their retreat. The villages and farmhouses are few in number and at wide distances from each other... The snow lay an inch and a half deep on the ground when we arrived, and the temperature was not a degree above zero. As we afterwards learnt from the officers and men themselves, the privations they had undergone from Tuesday to Thursday were fearful in the extreme...The army had brought not a single tent with it, and in this wintry weather the men had had to pass three nights in the open air while it was constantly snowing, raining, or freezing, and without the small comfort of even a camp fire in many instances'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: Austrian camp in front of the Dannewerk:...Bohemian Chasseurs..., 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: DANISH PRISONERS ON THE ROAD TO RENDSBURG AFTER THE BATTLE OF OVER-SELK, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The War in Schleswig: Danish prisoners on the road to Rendsburg after the Battle of Over-Selk - from a sketch by our special artist, 1864. 'No exact account can be given of the Danish loss. Many dead and wounded were left upon the field, about 100 prisoners were brought in, and a gun was captured in the advance by the 18th Jager battalion...The country between Breckendorf and Over-Selk was of the bleakest and most inhospitable description...Hedges there were none, as the Danes had cut down what few there existed previously to their retreat. The villages and farmhouses are few in number and at wide distances from each other...The snow lay an inch and a half deep on the ground when we arrived, and the temperature was not a degree above zero. As we afterwards learnt from the officers and men themselves, the privations they had undergone from Tuesday to Thursday were fearful in the extreme...The army had brought not a single tent with it, and in this wintry weather the men had had to pass three nights in the open air while it was constantly snowing, raining, or freezing, and without the small comfort of even a camp fire in many instances'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: Danish prisoners on the road to Rendsburg after the Battle of Over-Selk, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WAR IN SCHLESWIG: WOUNDED AUSTRIANS...AFTER THE BATTLE OF OVER-SELK..., 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The War in Schleswig: wounded Austrians on the road to Rendsburg, after the battle of Over-Selk, 1864. 'Since Monday 15,000 Austrians and as many more Prussians have had to bivouac in the open air. The country between Breckendorf and Over-Selk was of the bleakest and most inhospitable description. For miles not a tree was to be seen. Hedges there were none, as the Danes had cut down what few there existed previously to their retreat. The villages and farmhouses are few in number and at wide distances from each other. The inhabitants of the farmhouses had all fled since the end of last week, and they, or the Danes, had carried away every article of furniture and every bit of provender and provisions the houses had contained. The snow lay an inch and a half deep on the ground when we arrived, and the temperature was not a degree above zero. As we afterwards learnt from the officers and men themselves, the privations they had undergone from Tuesday to Thursday were fearful in the extreme...The army had brought not a single tent with it, and in this wintry weather the men had had to pass three nights in the open air while it was constantly snowing, raining, or freezing, and without the small comfort of even a camp fire in many instances'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The War in Schleswig: wounded Austrians...after the battle of Over-Selk..., 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

VISIT OF THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS OF WALES TO DENMARK: KONGENS-NYTORF, AT COPENHAGEN, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Denmark: scene in the square of Kongens-Nytorf, at Copenhagen, 1864. 'The townspeople of Copenhagen were gratified with a sight of his Royal Highness (future King Edward VII) walking through their streets on Sunday week, on his way from the chapel of the British Embassy, where he had attended Divine service, to the Phoenix Hotel, previously to his driving back to Bernstorf. He walked arm-in-arm with Sir Augustus Paget, accompanied by General Knollys and Colonel Keppel, and, as it was raining smartly, the gentlemen had to use their umbrellas, as shown in our Sketch, which was taken as they crossed the Kongens Nytorf-square'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Denmark: Kongens-Nytorf, at Copenhagen, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

ITALIAN SOLDIERS' AMUSEMENTS AT MOUNTAIN OUTPOST, BETWEEN C1915 AND C1920. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Italian soldiers' amusements at mountain outpost, between c1915 and c1920. Italian soldiers' amusements at mountain outpost, between c1915 and c1920. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

RESCUE WORK, DAYTON, 1913. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Rescue work, Dayton, 1913. Shows the Great Dayton Flood of March 1913. Rescue work, Dayton, 1913. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

COW BARN UNROOFED, GENEVA, N.Y., CYCLONE, BETWEEN C1910 AND C1915. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Cow barn unroofed, Geneva, N.Y., Cyclone, between c1910 and c1915. Cow barn unroofed, Geneva, N.Y., Cyclone, between c1910 and c1915. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

OFFICERS OF RAINBOW DIVISION, 1919. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Officers of Rainbow Division, 1919. Officers of the Rainbow Division (42nd Division) at Ahrweiler, Germany, January 8, 1919. In front row, left to right: William Neill Hughes, Jr. (1878-1969) (misidentified in New-York Tribune as "Rambaugh"), Major General Clement Alexander Finley Flagler (1867-1922), and Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Maddox Rumbough (1886-1961) (misidentified in New-York Tribune as William Hughes). Second row, left to right: Captain James M. Boyd, unidentified man, Major Robert J. Gill, and Lieutenant H. W. Fletcher. Officers of Rainbow Division, 1919. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

BURYING FRENCH OFFICER AT FRONT, 31 JAN 1918. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Burying French officer at front, 31 Jan 1918 (date created or published later). Soldiers standing at graves during the burial of a French officer during World War I. Burying French officer at front, 31 Jan 1918. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

PRISON CAMP, GUBEN, WITH RUSSIAN CHURCH, BETWEEN 1914 AND 1915. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Prison Camp, Guben, with Russian Church, between 1914 and 1915. A Russian church in the prisoner of war camp in Gruben, Germany during World War I. Many Russian prisoners were taken to this camp. Prison Camp, Guben, with Russian Church, between 1914 and 1915. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

A SORTIE, 1917 OR 1918. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

A sortie, 1917 or 1918. A sortie, 1917 or 1918. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

ENGELBERG, FUNERAL OF FRENCH SOLDIER, BETWEEN C1915 AND 1918. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Engelberg, funeral of French soldier, between c1915 and 1918. A funeral procession for a French soldier who was interned in Engelberg, Switzerland during World War I. Engelberg, funeral of French soldier, between c1915 and 1918. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

BRITISH TANK, 15 SEPT. 1916. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

British tank, 15 Sept. 1916. A British tank at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, in the Somme, France on September 15, 1916 during World War I. British tank, 15 Sept. 1916. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

BRITISH WIRING PARTIES IN RAIN, SEPT 1916. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

British wiring parties in rain, Sept 1916. British soldiers taking unbarbed concertina wire to the forward area, near Hamel, September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. British wiring parties in rain, Sept 1916. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

RUSSIANS FIGHT IN FRANCE, BETWEEN C1915 AND 1918. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Russians fight in France, between c1915 and 1918. Russian soldiers near a dugout in the snow in France during World War I. Russians fight in France, between c1915 and 1918. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

UNIFORM OF GERMAN SNOWSHOE BATTALION, BETWEEN C1915 AND C1920. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Uniform of German Snowshoe Battalion, between c1915 and c1920. German soldiers in snow shoes during World War I. Uniform of German Snowshoe Battalion, between c1915 and c1920. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

RECRUITS OF 1ST SNOWSHOE BATTALION, MUNICH, BETWEEN C1915 AND C1920. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

Recruits of 1st Snowshoe Battalion, Munich, between c1915 and c1920. German soldiers on snowshoes during World War I. Recruits of 1st Snowshoe Battalion, Munich, between c1915 and c1920. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

15000 RUSSIAN PRISONERS AT AUGUSTOW, FEB 1915. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

15000 Russian prisoners at Augustow, Feb 1915. Russian prisoners under German control in Augusto´w, now northeast Poland during World War I. 15000 Russian prisoners at Augustow, Feb 1915. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

A QUIET MOMENT IN GERMAN TRENCHES, BETWEEN 1914 AND C1915. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

A quiet moment in German trenches, between 1914 and c1915. German soldiers smoking and reading in a trench in Flanders, Belgium, during World War I. A quiet moment in German trenches, between 1914 and c1915. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

GERMAN OBSERVATION BALLOON, BETWEEN 1914 AND C1915. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

German observation balloon, between 1914 and c1915. German observation balloon, between 1914 and c1915. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

RED CROSS, 1914. CREATOR: BAIN NEWS SERVICE.

RED CROSS, 1914. The former German passenger steamer "Hamburg" renamed the "Red Cross" at the start of World War I in 1914. RED CROSS, 1914. Creator: Bain News Service. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

MIKHAIL ALEKSEEVICH PAVLOV BY THE CHUTE OF AN EXPLORATORY MINE, 1920-1929. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov by the Chute of an Exploratory Mine, 1920-1929. From the family archive of prominent geologist Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov (1884-1938). While still a student, Pavlov took part in the attempted expedition to the North Pole in 1912-14, which was led by the Arctic explorer Georgii Iakovlevich Sedov (1877-1914). Along with his school and university friend Vladimir Iul'evich Vize (1886-1954), who served as the expedition's geographer, Pavlov collected a large body of scientific data on the northern archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. The photographs date from approximately 1875-1929. They depict Pavlov's geological expeditions in Siberia and the Far East, expedition participants, views of nature, Pavlov during his school and university years, and his family members in various years. V.K. Arseniev Primorsky Regional Unified Museum Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov by the Chute of an Exploratory Mine, 1920-1929. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

KOOS WITH THE "CATCH", 1926. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Koos with the "Catch", 1926. The "Kuzbass" autonomous industrial colony was created in 1921. It was organized by American workers, who took on the obligation of inviting from the United States and Western Europe some eight thousand skilled workers and specialists to industrialize the Kuzbass. The Soviet government turned over to the colonists a number of Kemerovo mine shafts and an unfinished coking plant. To recruit volunteers to work in Siberia, a "Kuzbass Bureau" was opened in the middle of New York City, and an information bulletin began to be published in the United States. Between January 1922 and December 1923, however, only 566 persons arrived for work in the Kuzbass. The colonists included emigrants from America, Canada, the Netherlands, France, Australia, Jamaica, Indonesia, and other countries as well. Kemerovo Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife Koos with the "Catch", 1926. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

ZH. BAISKICH WITH FRIENDS, 1921. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Zh. Baiskich with Friends, 1921. The "Kuzbass" autonomous industrial colony was created in 1921. It was organized by American workers, who took on the obligation of inviting from the United States and Western Europe some eight thousand skilled workers and specialists to industrialize the Kuzbass. The Soviet government turned over to the colonists a number of Kemerovo mine shafts and an unfinished coking plant. To recruit volunteers to work in Siberia, a "Kuzbass Bureau" was opened in the middle of New York City, and an information bulletin began to be published in the United States. Between January 1922 and December 1923, however, only 566 persons arrived for work in the Kuzbass. The colonists included emigrants from America, Canada, the Netherlands, France, Australia, Jamaica, Indonesia, and other countries as well. Kemerovo Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife Zh. Baiskich with Friends, 1921. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)